{"id":1762,"date":"2024-06-10T07:21:20","date_gmt":"2024-06-10T07:21:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=1762"},"modified":"2024-06-10T07:21:20","modified_gmt":"2024-06-10T07:21:20","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b5%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=1762","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><em>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a 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\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 (Dick, 1987)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629<br \/>\n\u0640\u0640 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0640\u0640 \u0637\u0648\u0631 (\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0628. \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631) \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 (Miller, 1953, 1962)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0635 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <em>&#8220;\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645&#8221;<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649: \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c (Programmed Instruction) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064f (\u0628. \u0641. \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <em>&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633&#8221;<\/em> \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 (e.g., Skinner, 1958)\u060c \u0648\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064e\u0632\u0651\u064e\u0632\u064f \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u0631 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 (cf. lumsdine &amp; Glaser, 1960) \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0640 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Heinich, 1970).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8221; <em>\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c<\/em>&#8221; (Majer, 1962)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0637\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1997\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 1.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u062c\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0651\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0643 (Gagn&#8217;e, 1965) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646:<\/p>\n<p><em>&#8221; \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647&#8221;<\/em><\/p>\n<p><em>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 <\/em><em>(Wallbesser &amp; Eisenberg,1972) <\/em><\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 (Borich, 1980;Taylor, 1975) .<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 &#8220;<em>\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/em> (Bloom, Engelhart, Furst, Hill &amp; Krathwohl, 1956) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 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\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0629<br \/>\n(1962) \u0648\u062c\u0644\u0633\u0631 (1962\u060c 1965) \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646 (1964)\u00a0 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0644\u064a (1968) \u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646<br \/>\n(1967)\u060c \u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 (1968).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0647\u0645 (e.g.&#8217; Dick &amp; Carey, 1978; Gagne&#8217;e &amp; Briggs, 1974; Gerlach &amp; Ely, 1971; Kemp,1971 )\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Andreson &amp; Goodson, 1980)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634(1997)\u00a0 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Branson et al., 1975) \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (Gaff, 1975; Gustafson &amp; Bratton, 1984). \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Partridge &amp; Tennyson, 1979; Redfield &amp; Dick, 1984; Silber, 1982 )\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 (cf. Mager. 1977; Miles, 1983)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 ( Chadwick,1986; Morgan. 1989 ) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a <em>&#8220;\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645&#8221;<\/em> \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 &#8220;<em>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221;<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (Brwsher, 1989; Galgan, 1989 )\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a ( Chevalier, 1990; Finch, 0987; McCombs, 1986;).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 ( e.g. Spady, 1988) \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (e.g Dick &amp; Reiser, 1989;\u00a0 Gerlach &amp; Ely, 1980; Sullivan &amp; Higgins, 1983)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 (Branson &amp; Grow, 1987; Burkman, 1987; Rossett &amp; Garbosky, 1987)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a ( e.g. Dimond,1989) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0636 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 ( Gustafson &amp; Bratton, 1984)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0645 Buekman (1987a, 1987b) \u00a0\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064d \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 ( e.g. Boner, 1988; Divesta &amp; Rieber, 1987; &#8221; Interview with R.M. Gagne&#8217;e, 1982, low. 1980 )\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0627 (Gustafson, 1993; Dick, 1987 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 ( Dick , 1987; shorck,1995) \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Merrill, Li, &amp; Jones, 1990a, 1990b)\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 (\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a ) \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 ( Li, 1989 &amp; \u00a0Merrill).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627 Performance technology movement \u00a0\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644 analysis \u00a0\u00a0front- end\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 (Rosenberg, 1988; Rossett, 1990).<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a: \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 <\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u00a0\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062c\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632\u060c\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00a0 Dean,1995) )\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 Constructivism Theory\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640 : (Dresscoll, 2000)<\/p>\n<p>\u0623) \u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u0628) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/p>\n<p>\u062c) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629<\/p>\n<p>\u062f) \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 (\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646)<\/p>\n<p>\u0647) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 authentic (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0647 (Dick, 1996 ). \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 ( e.g. Coleman, Perry, &amp; Schwen, 1997; Dick, 1996; Lebow, 1993; Lin et al., 1996 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 &#8220;<em>\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em>&#8221; \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c\u00a0 \u0648 <em>\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/em> \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0635\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 (Wager McCey, In Press):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0625\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0651\u064e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Rosenberg, 2001).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 <em>&#8220;\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629&#8221;<\/em> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0631\u0636\u0650\u064a\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c (Gustafson &amp; Branch, 1997a)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (Gustafson &amp; Branch, 1997a Jones &amp; Richey, 2000 ).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0 1995 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 ( Bassi &amp; Van Buren, 1999; Lewis, Snow, Farris, Levin, and Green, 1999 )\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0640 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0640 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a ( Institute for Higher Education Policy, 2000)\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 Educational Technology Research &amp; Development Journal, Vol. 49, No. 2, 2001, pp. 57-67.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&nbsp; \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[276],"tags":[93,277,279,119,278],"class_list":["post-1762","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-276","tag-93","tag-277","tag-279","tag-119","tag-278"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1762"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1764,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1762\/revisions\/1764"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1759"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1762"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1762"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1762"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}