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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Munch, 2014). \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u061b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064f. \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0650\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636\u00bb \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a (Marginson and van der Wende, 2007; Salmi, 2009; University Wankings, 2021). \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0630\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00bb (Moore et al., 2017; Hall and Weale, 2019). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u00bb (India Ministry of Education, 2018)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 (Calderon, 2020)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f (Kehm, 2020)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (Holmes, 2017). \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0631\u0635\u062f Morphew and Swanson (2011) \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 Chirakov (2021) \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0633 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 Holmes (2016a, 2016b) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 ARWU \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b (MosIUR, 2020)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0633\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064e \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 Shen (2013) \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a 1970\u20131971\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 91% \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 2012\u20132013 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 65% \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 49% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u064871% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646 2007 \u06482014\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 (Forth and Jones, 2020). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 (Drayton and Waltman, 2020).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0633\u0644\u0645\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 (Mittal and Tiwari, 2020). \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (Zong and Zang, 2019)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (Lovakov et al., 2021)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 (Yonezawa and Shimmi, 2015)\u060c \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d Hazelkorn (2017) \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0625\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u064a\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646 Selten et al. (2019)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b (Gingras, 2014)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (Becerril-Garc\u00eda, 2020).<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0638\u0644\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f Selten et al. (2019) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 (Ross, 2021).<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633. \u0644\u0643\u0646 Selten et al. (2019) \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u00bb \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a: \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 Lee et al. (2020) \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0641\u0629 (Curry, 2020). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 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\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0636\u062c\u0629: \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/p>\n<h2>\u062d\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644<\/h2>\n<p>1. \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c 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Higher Edu.44, 417\u2013431. 10.1080\/03075079.2017.1368475<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062b\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[643,624,642],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50546","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-education-information-literacy","category-issue-78","category-publishing-open-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50546","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=50546"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50546\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":52350,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50546\/revisions\/52350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=50546"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=50546"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=50546"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}