{"id":53109,"date":"2016-10-01T12:00:38","date_gmt":"2016-10-01T12:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53109"},"modified":"2026-10-27T05:29:18","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T05:29:18","slug":"%d8%a5%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%a9-%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%85%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53109","title":{"rendered":"\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

1. \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (knowledge management)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 15 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u00ab\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Knowledge Management and Academic Libraries)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u062a. \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u064a (Charles T. Townley)<\/bdi> (Townley, 2001)<\/bdi>\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0628\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u060c (IFLA)<\/bdi>) \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 (continuing professional development)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0623\u0648\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u061f<\/p>\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 (hermeneutic)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\/\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u00bb (Continuing Professional Development: Principles and Best Practices)<\/bdi> (IFLA, 2015)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0635\u0651\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

3. \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0630\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644 (Gottschalk, 2004, p. 16)<\/bdi>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 (Swan, 2008, p. 750)<\/bdi>. \u00ab\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a (Michael Polanyi)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u00bb (Scarbrough, 2008, p. 761)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 (community of practice)<\/bdi> \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u00ab\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637: \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629\u00bb (Wenger, 2001)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 (Townley, 2001)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

3.1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a (1962) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (tacit knowledge)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631 (Dalkir)<\/bdi> (2011, p. 70)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0643\u0627 (Nonaka)<\/bdi> \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a (Takeuchi)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0635\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.\u00bb<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 (explicit knowledge)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u064e\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u00ab\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 "\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641" \u0648"\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629"\u00bb (Scarbrough, 2008)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Nonaka, 1994, p. 15)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u0635\u064e\u062d \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 "\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629"\u00bb ((Nonaka)<\/bdi> & (von Krogh)<\/bdi>, 2009, (p)<\/bdi>. 636). \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

3.2. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u00ab\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u00ab\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u00bb ((Alavi)<\/bdi> & (Leidner)<\/bdi>, 2001, (p)<\/bdi>. 121). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 ((Alavi)<\/bdi> & (Leidner)<\/bdi>, 2001, (p)<\/bdi>. 126). \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u063a (Wiig)<\/bdi> (1993, p. 86)<\/bdi>\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a (cognitive science)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644.<\/p>\n

3.3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u00ab\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00bb (Lloyd, 2012, p. 775)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f (Lloyd)<\/bdi> \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u00bb (people-in-practice)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 (p. 780)<\/bdi>. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

3.4. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (LOD)<\/bdi>:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 (learning on demand)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629\u00bb ((Trondsen)<\/bdi> & (Vickery)<\/bdi>, 1997, (p)<\/bdi>. 172). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u00bb ((Trondsen)<\/bdi> & (Vickery)<\/bdi>, 1997, (p)<\/bdi>. 176).<\/p>\n

3.5. \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627!\u00bb (Dalkir, 2011 p. 5)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629: \u00ab\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u00bb ((Sarrafzadeh)<\/bdi>, (Martin)<\/bdi>, & (Hazeri)<\/bdi>, 2006, (p)<\/bdi>. 624). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (KM)<\/bdi> \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u00bb (Scarbrough, 2008)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ((Alavi)<\/bdi> & (Leidner)<\/bdi>, 2001, (p)<\/bdi>. 114).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u064a\u063a (1993) \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab[\u2026] \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 (\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627) \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u00bb ((Evans)<\/bdi>, (Dalkir)<\/bdi>, & (Bidian)<\/bdi>, 2014, (p)<\/bdi>. 88). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u00ab[\u2026] \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00bb (Evans et al., 2014, p. 88)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a) \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u00ab\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u00bb (Evans et al., 2014, p. 88)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u00bb (Evans et al., 2014, p. 88)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

3.6. \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (KMS)<\/bdi>:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u00ab\u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (KMS)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627\u00bb ((Alavi)<\/bdi> & (Leidner)<\/bdi>, 2001, (p)<\/bdi>. 114). \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

4. \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 ((Jain)<\/bdi>, 2009; (Pantry)<\/bdi> & (Griffiths)<\/bdi>, 2003).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u00ab\u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u00bb ((Roknuzzaman)<\/bdi> & (Umemoto)<\/bdi>, 2009, (p)<\/bdi>. 653).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u00bb (IFLA, 2015)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u064a\u063a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629: 1. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c 2. \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c 3. \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\/\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c 4. \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c 5. \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Dalkir, 2011, p. 48)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0636\u062d \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0637\u064e\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0648\u0635\u064e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/li>\n
      2. \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 3 \u06484 \u0643\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u00ab\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00bb (Dalkir, 2011, p. 48)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u00ab\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u00bb (Dalkir, 2011, p. 49)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 0.5\u20131.0% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/li>\n
            2. \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 10% \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a.<\/li>\n
            3. \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/li>\n
            4. \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0646 7 \u0625\u0644\u0649 10 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u064a\u063a \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0641\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

              \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u064a\u063a \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Wiig, 2003)<\/bdi>. \u00ab\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00bb (Dalkir, 2011, p. 47)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062c\u0645\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0637\u064f\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 (liaison librarians)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 (Daland, 2015)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab[\u2026] \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0647\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0651\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u00bb ((Pantry)<\/bdi> & (Griffiths)<\/bdi>, 2003, (p)<\/bdi>. 107). \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646 (Jain)<\/bdi> (2009).<\/p>\n

              \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u00ab\u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 70% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u00bb (Porumbeanu, 2010, p. 551)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

              \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0647\u0645. \u00ab\u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629\u00bb ((Lesser)<\/bdi> & (Prusak)<\/bdi>, 2001). \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0647. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u00ab\u0641\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Townley, 2001, p. 44)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u00bb (Townley, 2001, p. 48)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

              \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0644\u0643: \u00ab\u0641\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u00bb (Townley, 2001, p. 48)<\/bdi>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u064e\u0645\u0651 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

              4.1. \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

              \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0642\u0634 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u063a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627\u00bb (Wiig, 1997, p. 9)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

              5. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

              \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a 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\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u00bb. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

              \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n