{"id":53138,"date":"2018-07-01T12:00:46","date_gmt":"2018-07-01T12:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53138"},"modified":"2026-10-28T05:36:00","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T05:36:00","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%88%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53138","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a: \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"rtl\">\n<p>\u0641\u064a 1 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NCBI)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631. [1] \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a. [2] \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u061f \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0646. [3] \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Philosophical Transactions)<\/bdi> \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Royal Society)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Henry Oldenburg)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621. [4] \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Nature)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u064a 4 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 1869\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u060c [5] \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Science)<\/bdi> \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u062f 14 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1882. [6]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NIH)<\/bdi> \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Information Exchange Groups)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. [7] \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0637\u064f\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0636\u064e \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. [8] \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1998 \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(arXiv)<\/bdi>. [9]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0632\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u062c\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Justin Hall)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0645\u0648\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Swarthmore College)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Links.net)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 1994\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u00ab<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(weblog)<\/bdi>\u00bb \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. [10] \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(podcasting)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064e\u064a 2003 \u06482004. [11] \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Disqus)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a. [12] \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0630\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Twitter)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Facebook)<\/bdi>. [13] \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0638\u0627\u0638\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0625\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0643\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0634\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(marginalia)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0638\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629\u064b \u0628\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0627\u062e \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0648\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1000 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644. [14] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631. [15]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0644\u062a\u0636\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0634 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Vannevar Bush)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(The Atlantic)<\/bdi> \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0645\u064e\u0643\u0652\u0646\u064e\u0646\u064a\u0646\u00bb \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634\u00bb \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642. [16] \u0648\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Marc Andreessen)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Mosaic)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628. [17] \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 20 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a 23 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2017 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(W3C \u2013 World Wide Web Consortium)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628. [18] \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Annotating All Knowledge)<\/bdi> (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629. [19]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Rap Genius)<\/bdi> (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Genius)<\/bdi>) \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a 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\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u061f \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(version of record)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PaperHive)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2016\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PDF)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u00ab\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0645\u00bb <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(hive)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(SCNs)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi> \u0641\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi>\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Remarq)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Redlink)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 2017\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Remarq Lite)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Remarq)<\/bdi> \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ReadCube)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Digital Science)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(colwiz)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Taylor &amp; Francis)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Pundit)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(BibSonomy)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 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\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646. [20\u060c 21\u060c 22\u060c 23]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0630\u064a \u0635\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Climate Feedback)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 200 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0632\u064e\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u00bb <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(feedbacks)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. [24]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Annotating All Knowledge)<\/bdi> \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong><bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi>: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Twitter)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0651\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u064b\u0651\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 7000 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(page notes)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi> (\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0647\u0627). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0629. [25]<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u064f\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Europe PMC)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(DOIs)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PMID)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi> \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(FAIR)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. [26]<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(CLOCKSS)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Portico)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi> \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Annotating All Knowledge)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(I Annotate)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(FAIR)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0641\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi> \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(DOI)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u064f\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubMed Commons)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 7,700 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 5,888 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hypothesis)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0642\u0631\u0651\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Annotating All Knowledge)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ol dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">\n<li value=\"1\">PubMed Commons to be Discontinued, 1 February 2018, NCBI Insights Blog: <a href=\"https:\/\/ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/02\/01\/pubmed-commons-to-be-discontinued\/\">https:\/\/ncbiinsights.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/2018\/02\/01\/pubmed-commons-to-be-discontinued\/<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<li value=\"2\">Finley K, A Brief History of the End of Comments, Wired, 8 October 2015: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/10\/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline\/\">https:\/\/www.wired.com\/2015\/10\/brief-history-of-the-demise-of-the-comments-timeline\/<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<li value=\"3\">Fj\u00e4llbrant N, Scholarly Communication \u2013 Historical Developments and New Possibilities, Proceedings of the IATUL Conferences, 1997, West Lafayette, IN, Purdue University Press: <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&amp;context=iatul\">https:\/\/docs.lib.purdue.edu\/cgi\/viewcontent.cgi?article=1389&amp;context=iatul<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<li value=\"4\">Yeo R, Notebooks, English Virtuosi, and Early Modern Science, 2014, Chicago, IL, University of Chicago Press; DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7208\/chicago\/9780226106731.001.0001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7208\/chicago\/9780226106731.001.0001<\/a><\/li>\n<li value=\"5\">E-mail to Heather Staines from Allison Mitchell, Springer Nature, 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March 2011, A Brief History of Blogging, WebDesignerDepot: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.webdesignerdepot.com\/2011\/03\/a-brief-history-of-blogging\/\">https:\/\/www.webdesignerdepot.com\/2011\/03\/a-brief-history-of-blogging\/<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<li value=\"11\">Chapman C, ref. 10.<\/li>\n<li value=\"12\">Caprio S, 2 March 2011, Lijit Study Shows Publisher Adoption of Social Media Tools Grows 80%, Lijit Blog: <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130705221155\/http:\/\/www.lijit.com\/blog\/2011\/03\/02\/lijit-study-shows-publisher-adoption-of-social-media-tools-grows-80\/\">https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20130705221155\/http:\/\/www.lijit.com\/blog\/2011\/03\/02\/lijit-study-shows-publisher-adoption-of-social-media-tools-grows-80\/<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<li value=\"13\">Finley K, ref. 2.<\/li>\n<li value=\"14\">Wolfe J L and Neuwirth C M, From the Margins to the Center: The Future of Annotation, Journal of Business and Technical Communication, 2001, 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Interoperable, and Re-Usable Data, Force11 Blog: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.force11.org\/fairprinciples\">https:\/\/www.force11.org\/fairprinciples<\/a> (accessed 6 April 2018).<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a 1 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (NCBI) \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 (PubMed Commons)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[609,642,640],"tags":[2352,2350,967,2351,767],"class_list":["post-53138","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-issue-63","category-publishing-open-access","category-information-knowledge-management","tag-pubmed-commons","tag-2350","tag-967","tag-2351","tag--fair"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53138","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53138"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53138\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":55995,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53138\/revisions\/55995"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53138"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53138"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53138"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}