{"id":53142,"date":"2018-10-01T12:00:52","date_gmt":"2018-10-01T12:00:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53142"},"modified":"2026-10-28T05:37:31","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T05:37:31","slug":"%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%84-%d9%85%d8%ab%d9%85%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53142","title":{"rendered":"\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"
\n

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    \n
  • \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f<\/li>\n
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      \n
    • \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f<\/li>\n
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      \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. [1] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (LERU \u2013 League of European Research Universities)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2018 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0633 (Paul Ayris)<\/bdi>. [2] \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0631\u0632-\u0644\u064a (Tim Berners-Lee)<\/bdi>: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u00bb. [4] \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644\u064b\u0651\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u00bb[5] \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0641\u064a 23 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2018 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c [6] \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. [7] \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 (LIBER)<\/bdi> \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0644. [8] \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0649 (LIBER)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u00ab\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0624\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u00bb. [9] \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u00bb. [10]<\/p>\n

      \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

      \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0647 12 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c [11] \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 (LIBER)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629:<\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646<\/li>\n
      • \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u062a\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 (\u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/li>\n
      • \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n
      • \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 (FAIR)<\/bdi> (\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645) \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n
      • \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n
      • \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645<\/li>\n
      • \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/li>\n
      • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/li>\n
      • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629<\/li>\n
      • \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u0636\u0650\u0651\u062d \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

        \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 (UCL Library Services)<\/bdi> \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 (UCL)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. [12] \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1826. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062d\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644. [13] \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0642\u064e\u0651\u062d \u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629[14] \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 2018 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d.<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 (UCL East)<\/bdi>. [15] \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f (Stratford)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a (UCL East)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (London Memory Archive)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 (Jeremy Bentham)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0645 60,000 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u06484,500 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f. [16] \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 (1748\u20131832)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645. [17] \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. [18] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 (Collected Works)<\/bdi>. [19] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (crowdsourcing)<\/bdi> \u00ab(Transcribe Bentham)<\/bdi>\u00bb (\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646. [20] \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 20 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 2018\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 20,523 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a (Transcribe Bentham)<\/bdi> 19,577 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 (95%). \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (Benthamometer)<\/bdi>. [21]<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0631 (Tim Causer)<\/bdi> (\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644) \u0628\u0623\u0646 624 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 25 \u00ab\u0646\u0627\u0633\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u00bb. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2017 \u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645 (Bentham Hackathon)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0633\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u062b\u0627\u0645. [22]<\/p>\n

        \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a (Transcribe Bentham)<\/bdi>. [23] \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/p>\n

          \n
        • \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061f<\/li>\n
        • \u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

          \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n

            \n
          • \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n
          • \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629.<\/li>\n
          • \u064a\u0644\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/li>\n
          • \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/li>\n
          • \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00bb.<\/li>\n
          • \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Transcribe Bentham)<\/bdi> \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

            \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 (Transcribe Bentham)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a (UCL East)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n

            \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 (UB)<\/bdi> \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u00bb \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0651 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a (OpenSystems)<\/bdi>\u060c [24] \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648 (Josep Perell\u00f3)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b. \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a (OpenSystems)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 (European Citizen Science Association)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0634\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 (Barcelona Office for Citizen Science)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0633\u0651\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u062f\u0629). \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 (Office for the Dissemination of Knowledge)<\/bdi>\u060c [25] \u062a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d. \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (STEM FOR YOUTH)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a. [26] \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a (institutional repository)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n

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            \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u0642\u0637\u0631:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

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            \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n

            \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 (QNL Science Book Forum)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629. [27] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (British Library)<\/bdi> \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 (LibCrowds)<\/bdi>\u060c [28] \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c 50 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u062a\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u064e\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0651\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Qatar Digital Library)<\/bdi> \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 (OCR)<\/bdi>. [29] \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 (ground truth)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064e\u062c \u0628\u0639\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u00bb (niche sourcing)<\/bdi> \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649. [30] \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0631 (UCL Qatar)<\/bdi> \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646. [31] \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

            \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629[32] \u2013 \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u2013 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0633\u0631 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

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