{"id":53162,"date":"2020-01-01T12:00:45","date_gmt":"2020-01-01T12:00:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53162"},"modified":"2026-10-28T05:46:58","modified_gmt":"2026-10-28T05:46:58","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%81%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%ad%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53162","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646: \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"rtl\">\n<h2><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(citizen science)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Science)<\/bdi>. <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Ayris &amp; Ignat, 2018; Ayris et al., 2018a; Ayris, L\u00f3pez de San Rom\u00e1n, Maes &amp; Labastida, 2018b; European Commission, 2018)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Haklay, 2013; Strasser &amp; Haklay, 2018)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Haklay)<\/bdi> (2013)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0649\u00bb <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(microtask)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(The Daily CrowdSource)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Simperl, 2015, p. 21)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e). \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>2. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Kyburz, 2017)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Access)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Source)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Educational Resources)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Peer Review)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Lab books)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ETH Library, 2019a)<\/bdi>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d: \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(public domain mark)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(CC0)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u062e\u0635\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(CC)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645.<\/li>\n<li>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627.<\/li>\n<li>\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629: \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Knowledge Foundation)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Open Knowledge Foundation, 2019)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(OpenGLAM.ch, 2019)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0632 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wikimedia Commons)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Gasser, 2017)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(opendata.swiss)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(opendata.swiss, 2019)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(FAIR)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(T\u00f6we, 2018)<\/bdi>. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>3. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<h2><strong>3.1. \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642: \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u064a\u0636\u0645 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u064f\u0642\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 500,000 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(e-pics Image Archive Online)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ETH Zurich, 2019)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Swissair)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2009\u060c \u062f\u064f\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 45,000 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Graf, 2016)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(2013, p. 116)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0648\u062c\u064e\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Graf, 2015)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2015. \u0648\u0641\u064a 18 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2016\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(K\u00e4lin, 2016)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Graf, 2017)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a: \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u00bb <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Crowdsourcing: News and Experiences from the Community)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ETH Library, 2019b)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 2016\u060c \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0648\u062b\u064e\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 1,109 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064068,488 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 70,555 \u0625\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 1 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2019. \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Holley, 2010)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Overgaard &amp; Kaarsted, 2018)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0639\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(sMapshot)<\/bdi>\u060c \u00ab\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00bb. \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(sMapshot)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Swisstopo)<\/bdi>. \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(sMapshot)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Laboratoire de SIG)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Haute \u00c9cole d\u2019Ing\u00e9nierie et de Gestion du Canton de Vaud \u2013 HEIG-VD)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064f\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(footprint)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Graf, 2019)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u00ab\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u062f\u0629\u00bb\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Graf, 2018)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0646\u062f 189 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 100 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0647\u0627 68,430 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2018 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(HEIG-VD, 2019)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d. \u0641\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0646\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ETH Library, 2019c)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0634\u064f\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(ETH Library, 2019d)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>3.2. \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0651\u0642\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(E-Pics)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(E-Pics)<\/bdi> \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Foulger &amp; Wiederkehr, 2018)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(georeferencing)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Walt, 2019)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0644\u062c\u062a 1,135 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u062a\u064e\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Old Maps Online)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Georeferencer)<\/bdi> \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Walt, 2017)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0641 2019.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(e-manuscripta.ch)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0646\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Renggli, 2018)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0633\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062c\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649.<\/li>\n<li>\u064a\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631.<\/li>\n<li>\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(e-manuscripta.ch)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u00ab\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646\u00bb <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(transcribathon)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Participatory Science Academy \u2013 PWA)<\/bdi> \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u062a\u064f\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0631\u062e\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064a\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">\n<li>https:\/\/www.oldmapsonline.com<\/li>\n<li>https:\/\/www.georeferencer.com<\/li>\n<li>Ayris, P., &amp; Ignat, T. (2018). Defining the role of libraries in the Open Science landscape: A reflection on current European practice. Open Information Science, 2(1), 1\u201322. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/opis-2018-0001\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/opis-2018-0001<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ayris, P., Bernal, I., Cavalli, V., Dorch, B., Frey, J., \u2026 Horstmann, W. (2018a). LIBER Open Science Roadmap. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1303002\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.1303002<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Ayris, P., L\u00f3pez de San Rom\u00e1n, A., Maes, K., &amp; Labastida, I. (2018b). Open science and its role in universities: A roadmap for cultural change. Leuven: LERU Office. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leru.org\/files\/LERU-AP24-Open-Science-full-paper.pdf\">https:\/\/www.leru.org\/files\/LERU-AP24-Open-Science-full-paper.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ETH Library. (2019a). Open Data at ETH Library. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.library.ethz.ch\/en\/ms\/Open-Data-at-ETH-Library\">https:\/\/www.library.ethz.ch\/en\/ms\/Open-Data-at-ETH-Library<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ETH Library. (2019b). Crowdsourcing. News and experiences from the community. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/en\/\">https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/en\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ETH Library. (2019c, May 14). 3. Crowdsourcing-Treffen an der ETH-Bibliothek. Vortr\u00e4ge von Nicole Graf und Fanny Gutsche-Jones [Video file]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.video.ethz.ch\/events\/2019\/crowdsourcing\/9e67a241-0926-4402-b143-093f883a5aa0.html\">https:\/\/www.video.ethz.ch\/events\/2019\/crowdsourcing\/9e67a241-0926-4402-b143-093f883a5aa0.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ETH Library. (2019d). Video-Serie. Episode 1-8 [Blog post]. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/tag\/video\/\">https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/tag\/video\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>ETH Zurich. (2019). e-pics Image Archive Online. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"http:\/\/ba.e-pics.ethz.ch\/index.jspx?locale=en\">http:\/\/ba.e-pics.ethz.ch\/index.jspx?locale=en<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>European Commission. (2018). Open Science policy platform recommendations. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/openscience\/pdf\/integrated_advice_opspp_recommendations.pdf\">https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/research\/openscience\/pdf\/integrated_advice_opspp_recommendations.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Foulger, S., &amp; Wiederkehr, S. (2018). E-Pics: die Plattform der ETH Z\u00fcrich f\u00fcr Bildverwaltung und -pr\u00e4sentation. In A. Keller &amp; S. Uhl (Eds.), Bibliotheken der Schweiz: Innovation durch Kooperation: Festschrift f\u00fcr Susanna Bliggenstorfer anl\u00e4sslich ihres R\u00fccktrittes als Direktorin der Zentralbibliothek Z\u00fcrich (pp. 414\u2013423). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110553796-029\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110553796-029<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Gasser, M. (2017). Research partnerships, user participation, extended outreach. Some of ETH Library\u2019s steps beyond digitisation. In A. Degkwitz &amp; L. Romary (Eds.), DH. Opportunities and risks. Connecting libraries and research. IFLA Satellite meeting\u2014Digital Humanities, Aug 2017, Berlin. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01660814\">https:\/\/hal.inria.fr\/hal-01660814<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Graf, N. (2015). Bilder werden frei verf\u00fcgbar: Open Data im Bildarchiv. Memoriav Bulletin, 22, 28\u201330. Retrieved from <a href=\"http:\/\/memoriav.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Bulletin-22_Web.pdf\">http:\/\/memoriav.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/10\/Bulletin-22_Web.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Graf, N. (2016). Crowdsourcing: Die Erschliessung des Fotoarchivs der Swissair im Bildarchiv der ETH-Bibliothek, Z\u00fcrich. Rundbrief Fotografie, 23(1), 24\u201332.<\/li>\n<li>Graf, N. (2017). Crowdsourcing: The real people behind the crowd. In J. P. Bowen, G. Diprose, &amp; N. Lambert (Eds.), Proceedings of electronic visualisation and the arts (EVA) London 2017 (pp. 59\u201364). London: BCS Learning and Development. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14236\/ewic\/EVA2017.10\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.14236\/ewic\/EVA2017.10<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Graf, N. (2018, February 2). sMapshot. We have lift-off! [Blog Post]. Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/en\/2018\/02\/07\/smapshot-ist-lanciert\/\">https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/en\/2018\/02\/07\/smapshot-ist-lanciert\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Graf, N. (2019). sMapshot. A historical GPS in the crowd. In C. Busch, C. Kassung &amp; J. Sieck (Eds.), Kultur und Informatik. Virtual History and Augmented Present (pp. 215\u2013220). Gl\u00fcckstadt: Verlag Werner H\u00fclsbusch.<\/li>\n<li>Haklay, M. (2013). Citizen Science and volunteered geographic information: Overview and typology of participation. In D. Sui, S. Elwood, &amp; M. Goodchild (Eds.), Crowdsourcing geographic knowledge. Volunteered geographic information (VGI) in theory and practice (pp. 105\u2013122). Dordrecht: Springer Science+Business Media. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2_7\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-94-007-4587-2_7<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>HEIG-VD. (2019). sMapshot. The participative time machine. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/smapshot.heig-vd.ch\/ethz\">https:\/\/smapshot.heig-vd.ch\/ethz<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Holley, R. (2010). Crowdsourcing: How and why should libraries do it? D-Lib Magazine, 16(3\u20134), n.p. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1045\/march2010-holley\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1045\/march2010-holley<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>K\u00e4lin, A. (2016, January 18). Wer kennt die Berge, Orte und Fabriken? Neue Z\u00fcrcher Zeitung. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nzz.ch\">https:\/\/www.nzz.ch<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Kyburz, D. (2017). Open Data: Transparency for everyone. ETH Z\u00fcrich. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22010\/ethz-exp-0004-en\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22010\/ethz-exp-0004-en<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Open Knowledge Foundation. (2019). What is open? Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/okfn.org\/opendata\/\">https:\/\/okfn.org\/opendata\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Opendata.swiss. (2019). ETH Library. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/opendata.swiss\/en\/organization\/eth-bibliothek\">https:\/\/opendata.swiss\/en\/organization\/eth-bibliothek<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>OpenGLAM.ch. (2019). Hackathons. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/glam.opendata.ch\/hackathons\/\">https:\/\/glam.opendata.ch\/hackathons\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Overgaard, A.K., &amp; Kaarsted, T. (2018). A new trend in media and library collaboration within citizen science? The case of \u2018A healthier Funen\u2019. LIBER Quarterly, 28(1), 1\u201317. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18352\/lq.10248\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18352\/lq.10248<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Participatory Science Academy. (2019). About us. Retrieved December 8, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pwa.uzh.ch\/en\/aboutus.html\">https:\/\/www.pwa.uzh.ch\/en\/aboutus.html<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Renggli, A. (2018). e-manuscripta.ch: Volltext \u2013 Crowdsourcing mit Qualit\u00e4tssicherung. o-bib. Das offene Bibliotheksjournal, 5(4), 58\u201370. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5282\/o-bib\/2018H4S58-70\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5282\/o-bib\/2018H4S58-70<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Simperl, E. (2015). How to use crowdsourcing effectively: Guidelines and examples. LIBER Quarterly, 25(1), 18\u201339. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18352\/lq.9948\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18352\/lq.9948<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Strasser, B.J., &amp; Haklay, M. (2018). Citizen Science: Expertise, Demokratie und \u00f6ffentliche Partizipation. Empfehlungen des Schweizerischen Wissenschaftsrates SWR. Bern: Schweizerischer Wissenschaftsrat SWR. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/www.wissenschaftsrat.ch\/images\/stories\/pdf\/de\/Policy_Analysis_SSC_1_2018_Citizen_Science_WEB.pdf\">https:\/\/www.wissenschaftsrat.ch\/images\/stories\/pdf\/de\/Policy_Analysis_SSC_1_2018_Citizen_Science_WEB.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>T\u00f6we, M. (2018). Forschungsdatenmanagement an der ETH-Bibliothek. In A. Keller &amp; S. Uhl (Eds.), Bibliotheken der Schweiz: Innovation durch Kooperation: Festschrift f\u00fcr Susanna Bliggenstorfer anl\u00e4sslich ihres R\u00fccktrittes als Direktorin der Zentralbibliothek Z\u00fcrich (pp. 250\u2013260). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110553796-015\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/9783110553796-015<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Walt, R. (2017, January 23). Crowdsourcing bei Kartenmaterialien. Georeferenzieren Sie mit! [Blog post]. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/2017\/01\/23\/crowdsourcing-bei-kartenmaterialien-georeferenzieren-sie-mit\/\">https:\/\/blogs.ethz.ch\/crowdsourcing\/2017\/01\/23\/crowdsourcing-bei-kartenmaterialien-georeferenzieren-sie-mit\/<\/a>.<\/li>\n<li>Walt, R. (2019). Use the Crowd. Georeferencing of Old Maps at ETH-library [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved December 13, 2019, from <a href=\"http:\/\/geoportost.ios-regensburg.de\/document\/mapsinlibraries_walt.pdf\">http:\/\/geoportost.ios-regensburg.de\/document\/mapsinlibraries_walt.pdf<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629: \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 (citizen science) \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d (Open Science). (Ayris &amp; Ignat, 2018; Ayris et al., 2018a; Ayris, L\u00f3pez\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[615,639,640],"tags":[2385,2384,1594,2358,1881],"class_list":["post-53162","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-issue-69","category-libraries-information-services","category-information-knowledge-management","tag-2385","tag-2384","tag-1594","tag-2358","tag-1881"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53162","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53162"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53162\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":56034,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53162\/revisions\/56034"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53162"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53162"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53162"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}