{"id":53243,"date":"2024-10-01T12:00:07","date_gmt":"2024-10-01T12:00:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53243"},"modified":"2026-10-26T18:06:35","modified_gmt":"2026-10-26T18:06:35","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b2%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%85%d8%b5%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%88%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ae%d8%b7%d9%8a%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/?p=53243","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645: \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0627\u061f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div dir=\"rtl\">\n<p>\u0641\u064a 5 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2021\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0643 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Brian Napack)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0640<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi> \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0651\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u00bb.[1] \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u062d\u0638 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi>\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.[2] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2024\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 11,300 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi>.[3] \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0642 \u0628\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi> \u0631\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0651\u062d\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi>.[4] \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Wiley)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 35 \u064840 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0651\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642.[5] \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Nature)<\/bdi> \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 400,000 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 70,000 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629.[6] \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064011,300 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0641\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(certification)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b. \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(JIF)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(h)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627) \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0651\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0646.[7] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0647. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(APC)<\/bdi> \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u063a\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u0631\u0650. \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u0631\u0626\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0623\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629.[8] \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631\u0648 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Christos Petrou)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(The Scholarly Kitchen)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 53% \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(MDPI)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Frontiers)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 65% \u064870% \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a.[9] \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Hindawi)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u00ab\u0646\u0639\u0645\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u064e \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064c \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(The Journal of Political Philosophy)<\/bdi>.[10] \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u064f\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0642 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.[11] \u0648\u0642\u064f\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(STM Integrity Hub)<\/bdi>[12] \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(United2Act)<\/bdi>.[13] \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(STM Integrity Hub)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u00bb. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(United2Act)<\/bdi> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u062e\u064f\u0635\u0651\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(COPE)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Committee on Publication Ethics)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubPeer)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NISO)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubPeer)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.[14] \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(PubPeer)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(post-publication peer review)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0627.[15] \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2023\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Crossref)<\/bdi>. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629.[16] \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NISO)<\/bdi> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0641 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629\u00bb.[17] \u0648\u0646\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0640<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Crossref)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NISO)<\/bdi> \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0628 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(generative AI)<\/bdi> \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629.[18] \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0641\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u060c \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062e\u0651\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u064a \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631: \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>\u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064f \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(IOP Publishing)<\/bdi> <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(IOPP)<\/bdi> \u0645\u0624\u062e\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Research4Life)<\/bdi>.[19] \u0648\u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(IOPP)<\/bdi> \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(library consortia)<\/bdi> \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Lyrasis)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Jisc)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(CAPES)<\/bdi>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Crossref)<\/bdi> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(NISO)<\/bdi> \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0632\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0651 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Subscribe to Open)<\/bdi>. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Subscribe to Open)<\/bdi>\u060c \u062a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628. \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0631\u064e\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0651\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0628. \u0641\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062d\u0628 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0644\u0631 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(David Blimler)<\/bdi> \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 800 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647.[20] \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Research Bounty Program)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648<bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Estimating the Reliability)<\/bdi> &amp; <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Robustness of Research)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627.[21] \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u062f\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(open science)<\/bdi>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Carl Sagan)<\/bdi>: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u00bb.[22] \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639.[23] \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 <bdi dir=\"ltr\">(Retraction Watch)<\/bdi> \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2024. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u063a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0648\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647.<\/p>\n<h2><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639:<\/strong><\/h2>\n<ul dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align:left\">\n<li>[1] \u201cWiley Announces the Acquisition of Hindawi,\u201d Wiley, January 5, 2021, <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.wiley.com\/press-releases\/press-release-details\/2021\/Wiley-Announces-the-Acquisition-of-Hindawi\/default.aspx\">https:\/\/newsroom.wiley.com\/press-releases\/press-release-details\/2021\/Wiley-Announces-the-Acquisition-of-Hindawi\/default.aspx<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[2] Sabina Alam et al., \u201cPotential \u2018paper mills\u2019 and What to do About Them \u2013 A Publisher\u2019s Perspective,\u201d COPE, October 12, 2020, <a href=\"https:\/\/publicationethics.org\/publishers-perspective-paper-mills\">https:\/\/publicationethics.org\/publishers-perspective-paper-mills<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[3] \u201cHindawi Retractions,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/fr1tf4XM4W\">https:\/\/t.co\/fr1tf4XM4W<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[4] \u201cWiley Announces CEO Transition,\u201d Wiley, October 10, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/newsroom.wiley.com\/press-releases\/press-release-details\/2023\/Wiley-Announces-CEO-Transition\/default.aspx\">https:\/\/newsroom.wiley.com\/press-releases\/press-release-details\/2023\/Wiley-Announces-CEO-Transition\/default.aspx<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024); Ellie Kincaid, \u201cWiley to Stop Using \u2018Hindawi\u2019 Name Amid $18 Million Revenue Decline,\u201d Retraction Watch (blog), December 6, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2023\/12\/06\/wiley-to-stop-using-hindawi-name-amid-18-million-revenue-decline\">https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2023\/12\/06\/wiley-to-stop-using-hindawi-name-amid-18-million-revenue-decline<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[5] Richard Van Noorden, \u201cMore than 10,000 Research Papers Were Retracted in 2023 \u2013 A New Record,\u201d Nature 624, (2023): 479\u2013481, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03974-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03974-8<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[6] Richard Van Noorden, \u201cHow Big is Science\u2019s Fake-paper Problem?,\u201d Nature 623, (2023): 466\u2013467, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03464-x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-03464-x<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[7] COPE and STM, \u201cPaper Mills: Research Report from COPE &amp; STM,\u201d COPE, June 2022, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24318\/jtbG8IHL\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24318\/jtbG8IHL<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[8] Ellie Kincaid, \u201cWiley Paused Hindawi Special Issues Amid Quality Problems, Lost $9 Million in Revenue,\u201d Retraction Watch (blog), March 9, 2023,<a href=\"https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2023\/03\/09\/wiley-paused-hindawi-special-issues-amid-quality-problems-lost-9-million-in-revenue\/\">https:\/\/retractionwatch.com\/2023\/03\/09\/wiley-paused-hindawi-special-issues-amid-quality-problems-lost-9-million-in-revenue\/<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[9] Christos Petrou, \u201cGuest Post: Of Special Issues and Journal Purges,\u201d The Scholarly Kitchen (blog), March 30, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org\/2023\/03\/30\/guest-post-of-special-issues-and-journal-purges\/\">https:\/\/scholarlykitchen.sspnet.org\/2023\/03\/30\/guest-post-of-special-issues-and-journal-purges\/<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[10] Brian Leiter, \u201cInterview with Bob Goodin, Former Editor of JPP, In a Swedish Philosophy Journal, Who Discusses the Disaster that \u2018Open Access\u2019 Has Been for Quality Journals,\u201d Leiter Reports: A Philosophy Blog (blog), September 11, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/leiterreports.typepad.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/interview-with-bob-goodin-former-editor-of-jpp-in-a-swedish-philosophy-journal-1.html\">https:\/\/leiterreports.typepad.com\/blog\/2023\/09\/interview-with-bob-goodin-former-editor-of-jpp-in-a-swedish-philosophy-journal-1.html<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[11] Miriam Maus, Publishing Director IOP Publishing, email message to author, March 1, 2024.<\/li>\n<li>[12] \u201cIntroducing the STM Integrity Hub,\u201d STM, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.stm-assoc.org\/stm-integrity-hub\/\">https:\/\/www.stm-assoc.org\/stm-integrity-hub\/<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[13] \u201cAbout\u201d, UNITED2ACT Against Paper Mills, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/united2act.org\/about\/\">https:\/\/united2act.org\/about\/<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[14] \u201cAbout for Better Science and Contact,\u201d For Better Science, <a href=\"https:\/\/forbetterscience.com\/about\">https:\/\/forbetterscience.com\/about<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024); Helen Shen, \u201cMeet this Super-spotter of Duplicated Images in Science Papers,\u201d Nature 581, (2020): 132\u2013136, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-01363-z\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-020-01363-z<\/a> (accessed16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[15] \u201cAbout PubPeer,\u201d PubPeer Foundation, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pubpeer.com\/static\/about\">https:\/\/www.pubpeer.com\/static\/about<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[16] Ginny Hendricks et al., \u201cCrossref Acquires Retraction Watch Data and Opens it for the Scientific Community,\u201d Crossref Blog (blog), September 12, 2023, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13003\/c23rw1d9\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13003\/c23rw1d9<\/a> (accessed 2 April 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[17] \u201cCREC (Communication of Retractions, Removals, and Expressions of Concern) Working Group,\u201d NISO, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.niso.org\/standards-committees\/crec\">https:\/\/www.niso.org\/standards-committees\/crec<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[18] Jordan Pearson, \u201cStudy Featuring AI-Generated Giant Rat Penis Retracted, Journal Apologizes,\u201d Vice, February 16, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/4a389b\/ai-midjourney-rat-penis-study-retracted-frontiers\">https:\/\/www.vice.com\/en\/article\/4a389b\/ai-midjourney-rat-penis-study-retracted-frontiers<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024); Gemma Conroy, \u201cScientific Sleuths Spot Dishonest ChatGPT Use in Papers,\u201d Nature, September 8, 2023, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02477-w\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-023-02477-w<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[19] Rebecca Trager, \u201cInstitute of Physics Donates Authors Fees from Retracted Paper to Publishing Charity,\u201d Chemistry World, Royal Society of Chemistry, January 8, 2024, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/institute-of-physics-donates-authors-fees-from-retracted-papers-to-publishing-charity\/4018725.article\">https:\/\/www.chemistryworld.com\/news\/institute-of-physics-donates-authors-fees-from-retracted-papers-to-publishing-charity\/4018725.article<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[20] Holly Else, \u201cWhat Makes an Undercover Science Sleuth Tick? Fake-paper Detective Speaks Out,\u201d Nature 608, (2022): 463, DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-022-02099-8\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/d41586-022-02099-8<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[21] \u201cResearch Bounty Program,\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/researchbounty.netlify.app\">https:\/\/researchbounty.netlify.app<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024); \u201cAbout ERROR,\u201d Estimating the Reliability &amp; Robustness of Research, <a href=\"https:\/\/error.reviews\">https:\/\/error.reviews<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<li>[22] Carl Sagan, The Demon-Haunted World: Science as a Candle in the Dark (New York: Ballantine, 1997), 27.<\/li>\n<li>[23] Brian Kennedy and Alec Tyson, \u201cAmericans\u2019 Trust in Scientists, Positive Views of Science Continue to Decline,\u201d Pew Research Center, November 14, 2023, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/science\/2023\/11\/14\/americans-trust-in-scientists-positive-views-of-science-continue-to-decline\">https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/science\/2023\/11\/14\/americans-trust-in-scientists-positive-views-of-science-continue-to-decline<\/a> (accessed 16 May 2024).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0641\u064a 5 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 2021\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a (Wiley) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 (Hindawi). \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u064e\u0643 (Brian Napack)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0640(Wiley) \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a (Hindawi) \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a\u2026<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[634,639,642],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-53243","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-634","category-libraries-information-services","category-publishing-open-access"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53243","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=53243"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":53967,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/53243\/revisions\/53967"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=53243"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=53243"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/informaticsjournal.net\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=53243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}